Abstract: With the increase of palm kernel meal yield and concerns about the sustainable use of conventional feed ingredients, some studies in the world have been carried out on the maximum level of palm kernel meal in broiler diets. The results indicate that palm kernel meal does not contain anti-nutritional ingredients, as long as the amino acid and metabolism of the diet are balanced, the safe addition level of palm kernel meal can be as high as 40%. Although the addition of palm kernel meal resulted in higher dietary fiber and lower feed digestibility, it increased feed intake and eventually increased the total digestible nutrients. --mannan is the main component of non-starch polysaccharides in palm kernel meal. It has been reported that both mannose and mannose oligosaccharides can play a role as probiotics. Adding palm kernel meal to the diet enhances the function of the bird's immune system, reduces the number of intestinal pathogenic bacteria, and increases the number of non-pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. With these two advantages, we strongly recommend that palm kernel meal is added to the broiler diet, especially in the palm kernel meal producing country, which not only helps to improve the performance of the broiler, but also promotes the health of the flock. Selectively adding some enzyme preparations to the feed can increase the feed conversion rate and digestibility, while also reducing the moisture content of the excrement.
Key words: palm kernel 粕β-mannan broiler health status
Foreword
Palm kernel meal is cost-effective compared to traditional feed. For economic reasons, we investigated the use of palm kernel meal in broilers in four major regions of the world (Asia, Pacific, South America and Africa). Over the past 20 years, global palm kernel meal production has increased significantly, with an annual growth rate of 15% (FAO, 2002). Palm kernel meal contains no aflatoxin, is palatable, and contains a large amount of potential carbohydrates and proteins. However, due to its low nutritional value, the inclusion of gravel, and the possibility of deterioration in an unsanitary environment, a large amount of palm kernel meal is not fully utilized.
The abandonment of so many palm kernels will create environmental problems for palm kernel production countries such as Indonesia.
The addition of palm kernel meal to broiler diets has been practiced for decades. However, due to its low content of essential amino acids (especially lysine and methionine), high fiber content (especially in the form of β-mannan), which contains gravel, this limits its poultry diet. In the application. However, there are also reports on the effects of palm kernel meal on broiler performance (Panigrahi and Powell, 1991; Ezieshi and Olomu, 2004; Sundu et al., 2005a). The problems with palm kernel meal may be related to their physical properties, but to the effects of palm kernel meal on the overall nutrient content of the diet, especially on amino acids and metabolic energy. Since palm kernel meal can effectively enhance the immune system function of broilers, the interest in palm kernel meal has increased over the past five years. Many current findings indicate that palm kernel meal can replace commercial oligomannose as a probiotic to promote flock health and improve immunity (Allen et al., 1997; Fernandez et al., 2000 and Fernandez et al., 2002). This article will assess the potential use of the product to improve the performance of the chicken and promote the health of the chicken.
1 The feeding value of palm kernel meal is
The oil palm fruit is covered with a layer of peel, which is a hard shell inside, and the palm kernel is inside. The oil extracted from the peel is called palm oil, and the oil extracted from the nuts is called palm kernel oil. After the palm fruit is broken, the outer shell is removed and the oil is squeezed. There are two methods for extracting oil: machine pressing and leaching. The palm kernel after the machine is pressed is usually called palm kernel cake, and the palm kernel after soaking is called palm kernel meal. Therefore, palm kernel meal or palm kernel cake is the residue after extracting oil from palm kernel. Since it is generally difficult to distinguish between palm kernel meal and palm kernel cake, the term "palm kernel" is used herein to refer to both products.
With a growth rate of 300% over the past 20 years, palm kernel meal production has become one of the fastest growing feed processing industries (FAQ, 2002). As the cost of conventional feed ingredients imported from palm kernel production countries continues to rise, the local poultry industry is under pressure to maximize the use of locally available feed ingredients (Hutagalung, 1980). In terms of nutrients, palm kernel meal contains moderate amounts of protein and carbohydrates (Table 1). Chemical analysis showed that the nutrient composition of palm kernel meal differed greatly because of the oil extraction process, the variety of palm fruit and the content of the palm kernel and the shell (O'Mara et al., 1999).
The physical characteristics of palm kernel meal showed that its bulk density was much higher than that of copra, which was 0.67 and 0.56 g/cc, respectively. Although palm kernel meal and copra have some common characteristics in carbohydrate composition, their water holding capacity varies greatly. Palmetto's water holding capacity is one-half of that of copra (Sundu et al., 2005b). Volume and water holding capacity are two very important feed physics characteristics, both of which affect animal feed intake (Kyriazakis and Emmans, 1995).
2 palm kernel meal protein and amino acid
The crude protein content of palm kernel meal is 14%-21% (Table 1). This level is far from meeting the nutritional needs of chick diets, but it is sufficient for low protein diets formulated into chickens. Palm kernel meal has a lower amino acid content, but its amino acid utilization rate is higher. Most of the amino acid digestibility is higher than 85% except for proline and glycine (Table 2). When using palm kernel meal, it is most important to pay attention to the two essential amino acids, methionine and lysine, because palm kernel meal can only meet 30% and 50% of the two amino acid requirements of the chick, respectively.
*WHC: water holding capacity holds water. (1) Sundu et al., 2005c; (2) Nwokolo et al., 1976 (3) Onwudike, 1986 (4) Sue, 2001
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