——This interview with Dr. Mian Riaz of Texas A&M University
About 80% of the current annual aquatic feed production in the United States is produced by puffing technology. The increasing puffing process is very important for eliminating potential pathogens such as Salmonella and increasing feed safety.
Dr. Mian Riaz:
Director of the Institute of Food Protein, Texas A&M University, researcher, head of the Puffing Technology Center. Since receiving a Ph.D. in food science from the University of Maine in 1992, Mian Riaz has become one of the leading figures in the research of feed and food expansion technology in the United States. He has published articles in many journals and scientific journals, including the healthy baking of soy ingredients and the study of soy as a functional food in cereals.
In the "2012 Feed New Technology Seminar and Formulation and Raw Material Purchasing Training Course", a heavyweight scholar was also invited to attend the conference. He is a well-known American puffing technology expert, Dr. Mian Riaz of Texas A&M University. After the meeting, we were also fortunate to invite him to work with Professor Gatlin on the China Aquatic Channel, interact with netizens, and took the opportunity to make a brief interview. American puffed feed technology has always been the leader in the industry. What are the secrets that are not known? Listen to Dr. Mian Riaz.
Hardware design, etc. will be a new trend in the development of puffing technology.
FAM: What do you think is the trend of expansion technology?
Riaz: I think new trends in expansion technology are: improving hardware design to improve food and feed safety; improving processing to improve energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions; strengthening control systems to reduce formulation losses and reduce labor use . Although some feed mills in the United States still use granulators to produce shrimp feed, most new plants in the United States use bulk equipment to produce aquafeeds. Increasingly, the expansion process is important to eliminate potential pathogens such as Salmonella and increase feed safety. In addition, the increasingly improved puffing technology can also reduce potential pollution more effectively, provide maximum growth potential for farmed animals, and reduce the use and dependence of fish feed on fishmeal.
FAM: What is the new development in the research of aquatic extruded feed?
Riaz: From the aspect of puffed aquatic feed formulations, the main research is currently focused on replacing fishmeal with vegetable protein. Attempts and applications to replace fishmeal with vegetable proteins have long since begun. Studies have shown that soy protein concentrate can replace most of the fish meal in most fish species formulations, but the price of soy protein concentrate is now high, and other sources of protein such as algae are currently being studied.
In addition, the rational use of starch in the expansion process is the main research direction of sugar. The content of starch is related to whether the feed made by the extruder is slow or sinking, but the over-expanded feed of soluble sugar is also likely to cause diseases such as liver disease of carnivorous fish. There are also some studies on the application of non-digestible polysaccharides in feed. The current process information is not yet clear.
From the aspect of the puffing process, some studies have focused on improving the stability of the particles in water and the dissolution of the components, and some work is focused on the production of soft-structured particles.
US 80% aquatic feed uses puffing technology
FAM: What is the production and sales of US expanded aquatic feed?
Riaz: The current annual aquatic feed production in the United States is 750,000 tons. We estimate that 80% of these are produced using puffing technology, including floating, submerged, high-fat and micro-powder.
Most feed mills use a puffing machine to produce aquafeeds. Their business is very good and the puffing technology is conducive to producing safer and better quality feed.
FAM: Can you give the aquafeed company some advice on purchasing a puffing machine?
Riaz: I have an entire chapter in a book about puffing about this subject. There are several factors to consider when choosing a puffing machine. Here are a few of the factors: first, the type of product that you want to use to produce the product; second, the size of the factory that the market can support; third, available funds and return on investment Fourth; local expected reserve capacity and factory capacity.
FAM: What should the feed mill do to improve the energy consumption of the expansion equipment? In addition, what are the regulations or treatments for wastewater and waste gas generated during the expansion process?
Riaz: If the output per hour is less than 5 tons, the energy consumption for puffing is higher. If the output per hour is higher than 5 tons, the energy consumption for puffing is almost or even low.
Most puffed feed plants use exhaust gas, wastewater collection systems and recycle these materials during the expansion process.
Expanded material can increase the growth rate of 10-15%
FAM: Does the growth rate of fish and pellets increase at the same protein content and formulation? What is the bait coefficient when producing the same amount of fish? How much does the cost increase? Please use freshwater fish to give an example.
Riaz: Hard grain feed starch ripening is about 70%, while puffed feed will reach 90-95%. The unaged starch content is higher in hard pellet feeds, and the puffing process also increases the power consumption of the protein. Using puffed feed, we expect fish growth to increase by 10-15%. The initial cost investment will increase by about 25%, but in the long run these will yield better returns.
The best example is the American rainbow trout. The puffed feed makes the feed more strong and can use a higher fat content. In rainbow trout feeds, which often reach 20% fat, the extruder plays a vital role in maintaining such a high fat process.
FAM: Does the expansion have different utilization rates for animal protein materials and vegetable protein materials? What is the difference?
Riaz: Generally speaking, plant-derived raw materials, such as cotton aphid, soybean meal, corn, flour gluten, etc., play an important role in the expansion of the granules; animal-derived protein feeds, including fish meal, meat and bone meal, have passed. The process of ripening and ripening has little effect on the expansion process.
FAM: Some netizens have asked you through the China Aquatic Channel. “For carnivorous aquatic animals, animal protein materials such as fishmeal, meat powder and meat and bone meal are wet-expanded (80-110 degrees Celsius, 2-5 minutes). Can protein and fat digestibility and conversion rate increase or decrease? What is the ratio of increase or decrease?"
Riaz: In the expansion process we know, the residence time is only 10-15 seconds, and the availability and conversion rate of the protein are not affected. The netizen said that the wet puffing and the wet puffing we understand are huge. The difference, I have no way to evaluate his method.
FAM: How can we improve the water permeability, softening speed and elasticity of puffed fish food by adjusting the production equipment or process parameters of the puffing machine?
Riaz: Some raw materials, such as some fresh by-product materials, can especially promote feed softening; the other is the processing technology, the US has a semi-humidified feed process; the improvement of feed elasticity is highly dependent on the function of feed raw materials, and the vegetable protein source will give the extruded feed. More flexibility. For specific details, welcome to our agricultural university to participate in our puffed feed training class. Every day we have 2-3 on-site process demonstrations to help you understand these details.
FAM: Texas A&M's Aquatic and Pet Supplies training courses are popular in the US and other countries. Do you think it is feasible to introduce such a course into China??
Riaz: We have our first overseas training course in Vietnam. In the future we may also consider conducting training courses on aquatic products and pet materials in China or other countries.
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