China is a big country in the production and use of pesticides. The country produces more than 300,000 tons of pesticides per year and uses more than 200,000 tons. Chemical pesticides are generally toxic and harmful substances, which may cause various hazards such as burning, poisoning and corrosion during storage. In the current situation of a large number of pesticide production and management enterprises and a wide range of pesticide storage units, it is of great significance to safely and scientifically manage the storage and management of chemical pesticides to ensure the effectiveness of pesticides, avoid environmental pollution and eliminate human and animal poisoning. . According to the requirements of relevant international organizations and in light of the actual situation in China, the author summarizes the elements of safe and scientific storage of pesticides.
1 Basic requirements for pesticide warehouse locations
When choosing a pesticide warehouse location, avoid access to private houses, schools, hospitals, commercial areas, food factories, or crowded places. Avoid areas that may be affected by flooding or contaminate stored water. The warehouse must have import and export, which is convenient for loading and unloading. Ideally, it should be detached or at least 10m away from other buildings so that firefighting vehicles can access any side of the warehouse, at least close to both sides.
2 Basic principles for selecting pesticide warehouse building materials 2.1 Selection of exterior wall materials
The wall is preferably cemented to the outside of the steel material. The iron sheet can be wrapped with a cushion to prevent heat from spreading. For example, a layer of colloidal cement can be added to the iron sheet. If there is no need to resist external sources of ignition, the outer wall can be coated with a layer of steel and other similar materials. However, when the location may be affected by an external fire, solid materials should be used for the exterior wall. The filler in the wall should be non-flammable. Mineral or cotton or fiberglass can be used.
2.2 Interior wall material selection
The fireproof interior walls in the warehouse must be at least 90 minutes fire resistant. The material of the interior wall is preferably a cement, brick or cement block that is both fire resistant and strong. The door on the firewall must be made of a similar refractory material.
2.3 Roof and floor material selection
The supporting structure of the roof of the warehouse cannot be made of flammable materials. As long as the roof itself is not flammable, hardwood or treated wood can be used as a support. The roofing material is preferably light and brittle so that it can easily collapse when caught on fire, allowing smoke and heat to escape. The floor material should be watertight, smooth and easy to clean.
3 Basic provisions of the building structure of pesticide warehouses 3.1 Building interior wall structure
A fireproof interior wall shall be built in the warehouse to form a small room that extends to the roof and is at least 1 m above the roof.
It is best for the firewall to have a reinforcing column (such as a pilaster in the wall) to enhance the fire protection function. The firewall should be self-contained and not connected to other building structures so that it can be prevented from collapsing in a fire. The wires should not be allowed to pass through the firewall. If it is unavoidable, the fireproof sand bowl should be used to protect the wires. The roof should be designed with a vent or a low-melting transparent panel, which occupies at least 2% of the floor area. The vents should be opened for a long time or automatically when they are on fire. It takes several cubic meters of water per ton of cargo to fire. Therefore, unless special fire-fighting equipment (such as sprinklers, foam systems, etc.) is available, the warehouse must have a system for storing fire water.
3.2 Warehouse floor structure
The warehouse floor can be installed with some ramps and thresholds to store fire water.
The threshold must be at least 20cm high and the slope of the ramp should not be greater than 1:10 for the vehicle to enter and exit. In emergency situations, planks and sandbags can be used to increase the height of the threshold, and a wall outside the warehouse can provide additional storage. It should be noted, however, that a fenced warehouse must have a specific device that periodically drains the rainwater and shuts down the underground water pipe during a fire. A pool can be built to collect the fire water, but if the existing warehouse does not have a water retention structure, the use of fire water should be minimized. It is best to build a drainage system that automatically shuts down the warehouse. The drain pipe through the warehouse floor must be closed to prevent spillage and fire water from entering the drain pipe. The drainage pipe from the roof through the warehouse must be completely closed, and a high protective layer of the wall should be constructed with cement or brick at the joint of the pipe and the floor to prevent the water pipe from rupturing due to the collision of the vehicle and the shelf. Drainage pipes outside the warehouse should also be protected in the same way.
3.3 Warehouse should have good ventilation equipment
There should be vents on the upper and lower walls and the roof. The lowest vent must be higher than the fence. All vents should prevent birds and pests from entering. It is necessary to install a heating system in the warehouse in a cold climate. Heating should be done with hot water or steam. The location of the hot water radiator or steam pipe should be separated from the pile to avoid direct heating of the pile.
3.4 Warehouse should have lighting system
In order to facilitate access and regular inspection of the goods, the pesticide warehouse should be equipped with a good lighting system. If the warehouse is only used during the day, natural light may be sufficient to install a transparent board on the roof to solve the lighting problem. Artificially illuminated lights should be placed on top of the channel and 1m above the top of the stack.
3.5 Warehouse should have appropriate entrances and emergency exits
To prevent unrelated personnel from entering the warehouse, the warehouse entrance should be reduced to a minimum when it is adapted to the operation, but care should be taken to maintain access at least on both sides for use in fire or other emergency situations.
In addition to the main entrance, any warehouse has additional emergency exits. The distance from any place in the warehouse to the emergency exit should not exceed 30m to prevent someone from coming out when an accident occurs. The design of the exit should be easily accessible from the warehouse, preferably with an emergency handle for easy opening. In addition, the office should be as far away as possible from the main body of the warehouse. It is best to be separated from the warehouse. The office must have an independent exit that does not go through the warehouse.
4 Pesticide safety science storage points 4.1 Isolation storage and separate storage The so-called quarantine storage means storing goods in different rooms separated by a firewall.
Separate storage means separate storage in the same room, using space or non-flammable pesticide packaging to separate the various pesticides. Group storage according to the different risk levels of pesticides. For example, flammable, corrosive, oxidizing potential, etc. Flammable liquids with a boiling point below 55 °C must not exceed 250 tons in a room unless there are special fire protection devices (such as automatic alarms connected to the fire brigade, automatic sprinklers or other fire extinguishing devices). A large number of pesticides should be stored in isolation by a firewall. At the same time, for flammable liquids with boiling points above 55 °C, it is best to store in limited quantities, and should not exceed 250t without special equipment. Flammable packaging materials should be stored separately from other items.
Therefore, the stacking size of flammable articles must be limited: first, the stack should not exceed the width of 2 mats, the height should not exceed 4 mats, the length should not exceed 8 mats; second, leave aside between stacks A corridor of at least half a meter wide is easy to inspect and has a distance of at least 1 m from the wall. If a sprinkler is installed, its position must be more than 1 m above the top of the pile. In order to ensure the safety of pesticide storage, it is best to use a shelf for storage.
4.2 Outdoor storage points
For pesticides that are not affected by high and low temperatures and are safe, use weather-proof packaging such as 200-liter iron drums, which can also be stored outdoors.
However, it should be noted that the outdoor storage site should be hard and impervious and enclosed by wire mesh. Can not be stored on asphalt, because asphalt will become soft on hot days and easily affected by organic solvents. If the outdoor storage is not covered, be sure to have good drainage. It is best to use a mat to pad up and store it upright. If it is placed horizontally, be sure to avoid rolling. Outdoor storage should also consider the issue of fire protection, leaving enough space for the firefighters to enter and exit.
4.3 Establish a complete storage control system
Record the quantity and storage location of the inventory items at all times. The list of goods, the location map of the storage and the data sheet of the product must be placed in a safe place away from the storage area of ​​the goods to ensure easy access in an emergency.
4.4 Avoid all other activities that are not related to inventory in the warehouse
Do not work, eat, etc. The repair or construction of the warehouse will produce sparks. Inadvertent operation will cause fires and other accidents, so similar unconventional activities should be carefully handled. Anti-micro-duration.
5 pesticide warehouses and storage personnel should be kept clean and hygienic
Pesticide warehouses must be in good sanitary condition, and the floors and shelves should be cleaned regularly and systematically, and industrial vacuum cleaners can be used for cleaning warehouses.
Custody personnel should be equipped with overalls and protective gloves, and protective clothing should be worn even if the packaging is tight. It must be noted that pesticides are not exposed to normal conditions and should be handled with care when packaging is damaged or pesticides are spilled. At this time, the staff must wear protective clothing covering the whole body. Protective equipment includes non-permeable gloves (polyvinyl chloride or nitrogen gloves), rubber boots, PVC aprons, eye protectors and face shields, and double-tube respirators with suction and exhaust lines. The guards should be inspected regularly, kept clean and in good condition, and updated if necessary. All equipment must be washed with warm soapy water and cleaned with water after use. The air filter inside the respirator must be replaced periodically. In addition, a disposable mask should be used. If you accidentally contaminate your skin during work, be sure to wash your skin with soap and water immediately. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. When the eyes are contaminated, be sure to wash them thoroughly with eye wash or clean water immediately, at least 10 minutes. Be sure to provide a place for staff to shower. If you must eat at the workplace, be sure to have a separate place to wash your hands before eating, drinking, and smoking. To prevent accidents, a first aid kit is also available in the warehouse. All staff should know basic first aid knowledge.
6 pesticide warehouse should be strictly protected against fire 6.1 Control the fire source Focus on the following aspects: First, smoking is strictly prohibited.
For fire prevention and environmental sanitation, the warehouse where the pesticides are stored must be banned from smoking. Second, safe use of electricity. All electrical equipment and wiring must be installed and maintained by a qualified electrician. All electrical appliances must be fixed in position to prevent collisions between vehicles and shelves when moving, and to prevent contact with water. Electrical equipment must be connected to the ground wire according to the standard, and the protection of negative power overload. For general circuit installations, it is best to install a master switch that controls the entire warehouse outside the warehouse. In special warehouses where smoke cans (flammable gases) or flammable liquids are stored, if the ordinary forklift enters the warehouse, it must be tested before entering the warehouse to ensure that there is no danger of explosion. Care must also be taken in all daily operations to absolutely prohibit the production of fire.
6.2 Equipped with fire-fighting fire-fighting devices Larger pesticide warehouses must be equipped with indoor alarms and telephones in case of contact with the fire brigade.
A movable or portable fire extinguisher should be placed in and out of each floor. Pay attention to the different uses of different fire extinguishers: dry powder fire extinguishers are very effective for extinguishing solvent fires, and can be safely used in other situations such as electrical fires, but care should be taken to re-ignite; water fire extinguishers are most suitable for use when the packaging materials are on fire. The fire extinguisher must be guaranteed a certain amount. The first 50m2 floor space must have 2 10-12kg.
For water or dry powder fire extinguishers, then one fire extinguisher is required for every 100m2 of floor space. A total area of ​​more than 0.5hm2 warehouse should be equipped with a 50-100kg mobile dry powder fire extinguisher. In the room with the electrical switch, at least one 6kg carbon dioxide fire extinguisher or one 4kg halogen gas fire extinguisher should be available. All fire extinguishers must be inspected and repaired at least once a year, and used fire extinguishers should be replaced in a timely manner. Fire hydrants and hoses should be available, and at least one long hose must reach every corner of the warehouse. The spray head should be available for spraying or for pressurized spraying. The location, distance and design of the hydrant should be approved by the fire department. To ensure device compatibility. It is also advantageous to prepare a foam fire extinguishing device for the fire department when storing a large amount of flammable pesticide. However, it should be noted that only firefighters with regular training can use the foam fire extinguishing device. The pesticide warehouse should be equipped with a spraying system and must be installed by professional technicians.
In addition, in order to effectively reduce the possible damage caused by fire, emergency plans and equipment plans should be developed, and fire protection training should be conducted for each staff member.
1 Basic requirements for pesticide warehouse locations
When choosing a pesticide warehouse location, avoid access to private houses, schools, hospitals, commercial areas, food factories, or crowded places. Avoid areas that may be affected by flooding or contaminate stored water. The warehouse must have import and export, which is convenient for loading and unloading. Ideally, it should be detached or at least 10m away from other buildings so that firefighting vehicles can access any side of the warehouse, at least close to both sides.
2 Basic principles for selecting pesticide warehouse building materials 2.1 Selection of exterior wall materials
The wall is preferably cemented to the outside of the steel material. The iron sheet can be wrapped with a cushion to prevent heat from spreading. For example, a layer of colloidal cement can be added to the iron sheet. If there is no need to resist external sources of ignition, the outer wall can be coated with a layer of steel and other similar materials. However, when the location may be affected by an external fire, solid materials should be used for the exterior wall. The filler in the wall should be non-flammable. Mineral or cotton or fiberglass can be used.
2.2 Interior wall material selection
The fireproof interior walls in the warehouse must be at least 90 minutes fire resistant. The material of the interior wall is preferably a cement, brick or cement block that is both fire resistant and strong. The door on the firewall must be made of a similar refractory material.
2.3 Roof and floor material selection
The supporting structure of the roof of the warehouse cannot be made of flammable materials. As long as the roof itself is not flammable, hardwood or treated wood can be used as a support. The roofing material is preferably light and brittle so that it can easily collapse when caught on fire, allowing smoke and heat to escape. The floor material should be watertight, smooth and easy to clean.
3 Basic provisions of the building structure of pesticide warehouses 3.1 Building interior wall structure
A fireproof interior wall shall be built in the warehouse to form a small room that extends to the roof and is at least 1 m above the roof.
It is best for the firewall to have a reinforcing column (such as a pilaster in the wall) to enhance the fire protection function. The firewall should be self-contained and not connected to other building structures so that it can be prevented from collapsing in a fire. The wires should not be allowed to pass through the firewall. If it is unavoidable, the fireproof sand bowl should be used to protect the wires. The roof should be designed with a vent or a low-melting transparent panel, which occupies at least 2% of the floor area. The vents should be opened for a long time or automatically when they are on fire. It takes several cubic meters of water per ton of cargo to fire. Therefore, unless special fire-fighting equipment (such as sprinklers, foam systems, etc.) is available, the warehouse must have a system for storing fire water.
3.2 Warehouse floor structure
The warehouse floor can be installed with some ramps and thresholds to store fire water.
The threshold must be at least 20cm high and the slope of the ramp should not be greater than 1:10 for the vehicle to enter and exit. In emergency situations, planks and sandbags can be used to increase the height of the threshold, and a wall outside the warehouse can provide additional storage. It should be noted, however, that a fenced warehouse must have a specific device that periodically drains the rainwater and shuts down the underground water pipe during a fire. A pool can be built to collect the fire water, but if the existing warehouse does not have a water retention structure, the use of fire water should be minimized. It is best to build a drainage system that automatically shuts down the warehouse. The drain pipe through the warehouse floor must be closed to prevent spillage and fire water from entering the drain pipe. The drainage pipe from the roof through the warehouse must be completely closed, and a high protective layer of the wall should be constructed with cement or brick at the joint of the pipe and the floor to prevent the water pipe from rupturing due to the collision of the vehicle and the shelf. Drainage pipes outside the warehouse should also be protected in the same way.
3.3 Warehouse should have good ventilation equipment
There should be vents on the upper and lower walls and the roof. The lowest vent must be higher than the fence. All vents should prevent birds and pests from entering. It is necessary to install a heating system in the warehouse in a cold climate. Heating should be done with hot water or steam. The location of the hot water radiator or steam pipe should be separated from the pile to avoid direct heating of the pile.
3.4 Warehouse should have lighting system
In order to facilitate access and regular inspection of the goods, the pesticide warehouse should be equipped with a good lighting system. If the warehouse is only used during the day, natural light may be sufficient to install a transparent board on the roof to solve the lighting problem. Artificially illuminated lights should be placed on top of the channel and 1m above the top of the stack.
3.5 Warehouse should have appropriate entrances and emergency exits
To prevent unrelated personnel from entering the warehouse, the warehouse entrance should be reduced to a minimum when it is adapted to the operation, but care should be taken to maintain access at least on both sides for use in fire or other emergency situations.
In addition to the main entrance, any warehouse has additional emergency exits. The distance from any place in the warehouse to the emergency exit should not exceed 30m to prevent someone from coming out when an accident occurs. The design of the exit should be easily accessible from the warehouse, preferably with an emergency handle for easy opening. In addition, the office should be as far away as possible from the main body of the warehouse. It is best to be separated from the warehouse. The office must have an independent exit that does not go through the warehouse.
4 Pesticide safety science storage points 4.1 Isolation storage and separate storage The so-called quarantine storage means storing goods in different rooms separated by a firewall.
Separate storage means separate storage in the same room, using space or non-flammable pesticide packaging to separate the various pesticides. Group storage according to the different risk levels of pesticides. For example, flammable, corrosive, oxidizing potential, etc. Flammable liquids with a boiling point below 55 °C must not exceed 250 tons in a room unless there are special fire protection devices (such as automatic alarms connected to the fire brigade, automatic sprinklers or other fire extinguishing devices). A large number of pesticides should be stored in isolation by a firewall. At the same time, for flammable liquids with boiling points above 55 °C, it is best to store in limited quantities, and should not exceed 250t without special equipment. Flammable packaging materials should be stored separately from other items.
Therefore, the stacking size of flammable articles must be limited: first, the stack should not exceed the width of 2 mats, the height should not exceed 4 mats, the length should not exceed 8 mats; second, leave aside between stacks A corridor of at least half a meter wide is easy to inspect and has a distance of at least 1 m from the wall. If a sprinkler is installed, its position must be more than 1 m above the top of the pile. In order to ensure the safety of pesticide storage, it is best to use a shelf for storage.
4.2 Outdoor storage points
For pesticides that are not affected by high and low temperatures and are safe, use weather-proof packaging such as 200-liter iron drums, which can also be stored outdoors.
However, it should be noted that the outdoor storage site should be hard and impervious and enclosed by wire mesh. Can not be stored on asphalt, because asphalt will become soft on hot days and easily affected by organic solvents. If the outdoor storage is not covered, be sure to have good drainage. It is best to use a mat to pad up and store it upright. If it is placed horizontally, be sure to avoid rolling. Outdoor storage should also consider the issue of fire protection, leaving enough space for the firefighters to enter and exit.
4.3 Establish a complete storage control system
Record the quantity and storage location of the inventory items at all times. The list of goods, the location map of the storage and the data sheet of the product must be placed in a safe place away from the storage area of ​​the goods to ensure easy access in an emergency.
4.4 Avoid all other activities that are not related to inventory in the warehouse
Do not work, eat, etc. The repair or construction of the warehouse will produce sparks. Inadvertent operation will cause fires and other accidents, so similar unconventional activities should be carefully handled. Anti-micro-duration.
5 pesticide warehouses and storage personnel should be kept clean and hygienic
Pesticide warehouses must be in good sanitary condition, and the floors and shelves should be cleaned regularly and systematically, and industrial vacuum cleaners can be used for cleaning warehouses.
Custody personnel should be equipped with overalls and protective gloves, and protective clothing should be worn even if the packaging is tight. It must be noted that pesticides are not exposed to normal conditions and should be handled with care when packaging is damaged or pesticides are spilled. At this time, the staff must wear protective clothing covering the whole body. Protective equipment includes non-permeable gloves (polyvinyl chloride or nitrogen gloves), rubber boots, PVC aprons, eye protectors and face shields, and double-tube respirators with suction and exhaust lines. The guards should be inspected regularly, kept clean and in good condition, and updated if necessary. All equipment must be washed with warm soapy water and cleaned with water after use. The air filter inside the respirator must be replaced periodically. In addition, a disposable mask should be used. If you accidentally contaminate your skin during work, be sure to wash your skin with soap and water immediately. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. When the eyes are contaminated, be sure to wash them thoroughly with eye wash or clean water immediately, at least 10 minutes. Be sure to provide a place for staff to shower. If you must eat at the workplace, be sure to have a separate place to wash your hands before eating, drinking, and smoking. To prevent accidents, a first aid kit is also available in the warehouse. All staff should know basic first aid knowledge.
6 pesticide warehouse should be strictly protected against fire 6.1 Control the fire source Focus on the following aspects: First, smoking is strictly prohibited.
For fire prevention and environmental sanitation, the warehouse where the pesticides are stored must be banned from smoking. Second, safe use of electricity. All electrical equipment and wiring must be installed and maintained by a qualified electrician. All electrical appliances must be fixed in position to prevent collisions between vehicles and shelves when moving, and to prevent contact with water. Electrical equipment must be connected to the ground wire according to the standard, and the protection of negative power overload. For general circuit installations, it is best to install a master switch that controls the entire warehouse outside the warehouse. In special warehouses where smoke cans (flammable gases) or flammable liquids are stored, if the ordinary forklift enters the warehouse, it must be tested before entering the warehouse to ensure that there is no danger of explosion. Care must also be taken in all daily operations to absolutely prohibit the production of fire.
6.2 Equipped with fire-fighting fire-fighting devices Larger pesticide warehouses must be equipped with indoor alarms and telephones in case of contact with the fire brigade.
A movable or portable fire extinguisher should be placed in and out of each floor. Pay attention to the different uses of different fire extinguishers: dry powder fire extinguishers are very effective for extinguishing solvent fires, and can be safely used in other situations such as electrical fires, but care should be taken to re-ignite; water fire extinguishers are most suitable for use when the packaging materials are on fire. The fire extinguisher must be guaranteed a certain amount. The first 50m2 floor space must have 2 10-12kg.
For water or dry powder fire extinguishers, then one fire extinguisher is required for every 100m2 of floor space. A total area of ​​more than 0.5hm2 warehouse should be equipped with a 50-100kg mobile dry powder fire extinguisher. In the room with the electrical switch, at least one 6kg carbon dioxide fire extinguisher or one 4kg halogen gas fire extinguisher should be available. All fire extinguishers must be inspected and repaired at least once a year, and used fire extinguishers should be replaced in a timely manner. Fire hydrants and hoses should be available, and at least one long hose must reach every corner of the warehouse. The spray head should be available for spraying or for pressurized spraying. The location, distance and design of the hydrant should be approved by the fire department. To ensure device compatibility. It is also advantageous to prepare a foam fire extinguishing device for the fire department when storing a large amount of flammable pesticide. However, it should be noted that only firefighters with regular training can use the foam fire extinguishing device. The pesticide warehouse should be equipped with a spraying system and must be installed by professional technicians.
In addition, in order to effectively reduce the possible damage caused by fire, emergency plans and equipment plans should be developed, and fire protection training should be conducted for each staff member.
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