Trace elements are components of organic compounds (such as enzymes, hormones, vitamins, etc.) in the body of animals or cause certain chemical reactions in the body and participate in the metabolism of various substances. Therefore, the lack or excess of trace elements can lead to substance metabolism disorders, causing a series of pathological changes in the body.
1 selenium deficiency
Selenium is a nutritive trace element that is very important for physiological action. It is a component of various enzymes, the most important being glutathione peroxidase. In the absence of selenium, the activity of the enzyme is blocked, and the decomposition of the peroxide in the body is lost. Selenium has a strong anti-oxidation effect in the body, and has a protective effect on the lipid membrane of cells, thereby preventing cells and sub-cells (mitochondria, lysosomes) from being damaged.
If selenium is insufficient or absent, a series of clinical pathological changes in selenium deficiency will occur. Such as: motor dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction, digestive dysfunction, reproductive disorders, the main manifestations of cattle in the fetus, infertility, intractable diarrhea and miscarriage. The normal blood selenium content is 33-61 pg/mL.
Prevention: At present, 0.1%-0.2% sodium selenite aqueous solution is used for muscle or subcutaneous injection, or sodium selenite vitamin E mixture injection. Or it can be made into a pill (iron powder 9g, elemental selenium 1g), put into the rumen for long-term application, and replace the feed.
2 Manganese deficiency
Manganese is an essential trace element in cow diets, and manganese is the highest in bone, kidney, liver and pancreas. Manganese participates in various metabolic activities in the body. It is the main component of chondroitin sulfate which forms the mucopolysaccharide component of the bone matrix. It is also a component and catalyst of various enzymes in the body and has a promoting effect on lipid metabolism. The main reason for the deficiency of manganese in dairy cows is due to the absorption of manganese by cows. When the calcium salt in the feed is too much, it can affect the absorption of manganese by the body.
Symptoms: Manganese deficiency can cause a series of pathological changes such as cow growth disorders, skeletal deformation, movement disorders, reproductive dysfunction, and slow development of young cattle. Mainly manifested in reproductive disorders: embryos are not easy to attach in the uterus, or early embryo death, hidden abortion. Bone deformation, especially in young cattle, is slow and deformed. Generally manifested in the front and rear extremities of the thigh bone, especially the tibia dysplasia, resulting in joint deformity, dyskinesia. According to reports, yak in the manganese-deficient area has more paralysis, and the mortality rate is as high as 16%-26%, mainly manifested as muscle tremor and even sputum contraction and joint paralysis.
Treatment: Oral manganese preparation, clinically used manganese sulfate and potassium permanganate, have a good preventive effect on cow manganese deficiency. Oral potassium permanganate 0.05%-0.1%, 300-1000mL orally. Forage grass containing less than 80mg/kg of manganese can not maintain the normal fertility of cattle, the content of less than 50mg / kg with no estrus or infertility, pregnant cow abortion.
3 iodine deficiency
Iodine is a trace element with high biological activity. The incidence of bovine goiter in severe iodine deficiency areas is 50%-80%, and the incidence of abortion due to iodine deficiency is 60%. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone. Lack of edema that can cause estrous cycle in the dam, miscarriage, fetal absorption or stillbirth, edema of newborn baboons, mucinous edema of adult cattle can cause immature diseases, short stature, and poor quality of semen in male cattle. Low acidity alcohol positive milk appears.
Treatment: Replenish iodine salt (1kg containing 250mg potassium iodide), or 10% potassium iodide 1mg mixed with water, or mix 2-4g potassium iodide in concentrate to prevent low acidity alcohol positive milk and promote milk production. It also enhances the immune function of the breast.
4 copper deficiency
Copper is an essential substance in the diet. It is rarely contained in animals, mainly combined with protein to form copper protein, which is found in blood, liver, heart, lung, stomach, spleen and other organs. Copper deficiency and lack of a series of pathological changes caused by anemia, neurological function and movement disorders. Copper deficiency is mainly caused by insufficient copper in the soil to cause low copper content in plant feed. It is generally believed that when the feed contains less than 300 mg/kg of copper, it is ill. Secondly, copper and molybdenum have antagonistic effects, and the amount of molybdenum in the feed is excessive, which may hinder the absorption and utilization of copper. Copper is a component of various enzymes. Copper deficiency can cause hypopigmentation of macrophage-type anemia, bone joint deformation, movement disorders, reduced reproduction, infertility or miscarriage of pregnant cattle and stillbirth, causing dyskinesia Long-term diarrhea. The lack of copper causes bone loosening in cows, leading to bone deformation and joint deformity, and is highly prone to fractures and foot and hoof disease. Bovine performance declines, dysplasia, or miscarriage, stillbirth. Intermittent diarrhea occurs in cattle raised in copper-deficient areas.
Control: Apply copper sulfate, the therapeutic amount is 200-300mg for cows and 100-150mg for yak. Preventive amount: 100-200mg of cows are dissolved in water orally. In the copper-deficient area, it is better to apply 30% of 1% copper sulfate solution from the 23rd month of pregnancy to 1 month after delivery, once every 10-15d. Forage content below 3 mg/kg is a deficiency, 3-5 mg/kg is a dangerous level, and 5-7 mg/kg is a safety factor.
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