Pigs require very little vitamins, usually in milligrams, but vitamins play an important role in pig growth and development. If a pig lacks a certain vitamin, it can cause metabolic disorders in pigs, and even serious diseases and even death. In the practice of raising pigs, the vitamin supply is often insufficient. The result is that the pigs are thin, the growth of piglets is stagnant, the gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases are increased, and the sows cause infertility and miscarriage.
Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. The former includes vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and the latter includes B vitamins and vitamin C. In the growth and development of pigs, it is more important that vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and B vitamins, because they can not be synthesized in pigs, need to rely on feed supply.
1 Vitamin A and Carotene
Vitamin A is the most important vitamin nutrition in pigs. The main physiological function is to maintain the normal function of the pig's respiratory, digestive and reproductive system mucosa. When young pigs are deficient in vitamin A, in addition to loss of appetite and stagnant growth, there will be neurological deterioration and transient excitatory symptoms, which are characterized by head-to-side and convulsions and convulsions. When the sow is deficient in vitamin A, the sexual cycle is not normal, the formation of egg cells is reduced, and the vitality is lacking. Timely fertilization is also likely to cause miscarriage and stillbirth, and sometimes there are malformed piglets such as no eyeballs and "rabbit lips". When vitamin A is deficient, the quality of boar semen is reduced. There is no vitamin A in the vegetable feed, only carotene. After the pig is eaten, it can be converted into vitamin A in the small intestine wall and liver after digestion and absorption.
2 vitamin D
Vitamin D is closely related to the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus. Only with the participation of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus can play a role in the formation of tissues such as bones and teeth. Otherwise, even if the content of calcium and phosphorus is rich, the proportion is appropriate. The utilization rate is also greatly reduced. Because vitamin D can promote the absorption of calcium in the intestine, it prevents calcium ions in the blood from being discharged from the large intestine wall, thereby maintaining normal blood calcium levels and promoting calcium deposition in bones. At the same time, vitamin D has a blockade from the kidneys and stores it in the body. Long-term lack of vitamin D can hinder the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, causing bone calcification insufficiency, causing piglets to suffer from rickets, causing skeletal inorganic salts to dissolve in adult pigs and suffering from rickets. When pregnant sows are seriously deficient in vitamin D, not only do the piglets born have weak constitution and are prone to rickets, but they also give birth to deformed piglets. Generally, the content of vitamin D in green fodder is very low, and some feeds even contain almost no vitamin D, such as grass, roots and cereals. However, most plant-based feeds contain ergosterol, which is converted to vitamin D by ultraviolet light in sunlight after harvesting. Therefore, the content of vitamin D in the hay made from sunlight is relatively simple. Animal feed cod liver oil and liver powder have the most abundant vitamin D content. In addition, there is a small amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of pigs, which is higher than other livestock and can be converted into vitamin D3 by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. The most effective and simple way to prevent vitamin D deficiency in pigs is to let the pigs basking in the sun. This is especially important for pregnant sows, lactating sows and piglets.
3 Vitamin E
Vitamin E has the function of protecting the normal function of the reproductive system. Pregnant pigs have a stillbirth when they lack vitamin E. Vitamin E is related to the metabolism of nerves and muscle tissues. When it is severely deficient, it can cause muscle malnutrition. Vitamin E also protects carotene and vitamin A. Vitamin E is widely found in feeds, and the content of green fodder and cereals is very rich, so it is generally not lacking in the practice of raising pigs.
4 vitamin B family
B vitamins include more than 10 kinds of vitamins with different biochemical properties. In production practice, thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid (vitamin B3), and niacin (vitamins) are more important in production practice. PP) and vitamin B12 and so on. Among them, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B12 are more likely to be lacking, and pigs should be supplemented in their diet.
(1) riboflavin
Riboflavin is closely related to the metabolism of proteins, fats and sugars, and pigs are more likely to be deficient. When piglets lack riboflavin, they often suffer from loss of appetite, hair loss, slow growth and other symptoms. When young sows are lacking in breeding, the appetite is good or bad, the weight gain drops rapidly, and some fetuses are absorbed or the fetuses die in the later stages of pregnancy. Some give birth to hairless piglets. Animal feed, legume green feed (safflower, alfalfa), bran, oil cake feed have rich riboflavin content.
(2) Niacin
Niacin is required for normal physiological activities of the skin and digestive organs. When pigs are deficient in niacin, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin inflammation occur. When corn is used as the main diet for a long time, pigs often exhibit varying degrees of niacin deficiency. Juicy green fodder, pasture, wheat bran, oil cakes, yeast and fishmeal are rich in niacin.
(3) Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is involved in the process of hematopoiesis and protein synthesis, and is also involved in the metabolism of sugars and fats. Pigs lack vitamin B12, which is characterized by growth stagnation and anemia; vitamin B12 is abundant enough to promote pig weight gain. In pig production, vitamin B12 can be used as a growth stimulant to increase the growth rate of pigs. Vitamin B12 is not included in plant feed. Animal feed is an important source of vitamin B12 and is abundant in fishmeal.
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