At present, most of the industrial applications are oxidized or phosphated on the surface of steel workpieces to improve their protection and decorative properties. In general, compared with the phosphating treatment, the film obtained by the oxidation treatment has richer color and better decorative properties, but the corrosion resistance is poor. Compared with the oxidation treatment, the color of the phosphating film is obviously dark gray, which is inferior to the oxide film, but the corrosion resistance is worse than that of the oxide film. Therefore, the phosphating film has better corrosion resistance and good decorative effect, and the black phosphating treatment method of the steel piece can be adopted.
The black phosphating treatment of the steel parts is black, the adhesion is good, the color is uniform, the film layer is continuous, and the crystal is fine. In the industrial application environment and the marine atmosphere, the corrosion resistance of the black phosphating film is higher than that of the ordinary phosphating film, and the film absorbs light, absorbs heat, and has good properties. The black phosphating film generally does not affect the precision of the workpiece, and reduces the diffuse reflection of the surface. Therefore, some parts of electromechanical equipment on the market are protected and decorated with black phosphating film, especially for precision steel castings. The black phosphating process has been widely used in various industries such as machinery, electronics, instrumentation, aviation, defense industry, shipbuilding and automobiles.The typical formulation and process conditions of black phosphating solution are shown in Table 2_27 .
The factors affecting the quality of black phosphating are as follows:
(1)
concentration. In solution 
It plays a major role in film formation and at the same time deepens the color of the phosphate film. but if 
If the concentration is too large, the quality of the phosphate film layer will deteriorate.
(2)
concentration. In solution 
It can promote the film formation and deepen the color of the phosphate film. Ni2+ and solution 
, 
The properties of the participating membrane ions are similar and can partially replace the phosphate film. 
, 
The crystal grains of the phosphate film layer are refined, the color of the phosphate film is deepened, and the bonding force between the phosphate film and the substrate is enhanced, and the wear resistance of the phosphate film is improved.
(3) Surfactants. A small amount of surfactant can improve the wettability and permeability of the phosphating solution on the surface of the steel workpiece in the phosphating solution, improve the uniformity and compactness of the phosphating film crystallization, and improve the corrosion resistance of the phosphating film layer. Too much surfactant can easily affect the bonding strength and wear resistance of the phosphating film layer to the substrate, and attention should be paid to the amount.
(4) Stabilizers. Adding a stabilizer to the phosphating solution can be used in the phosphating solution
Cooperate to form a stable chelate to prevent 
Oxidized into 
The phosphating reaction rate is reduced, the amount of sediment is reduced, and a phosphating film layer having fine crystals, uniformity, dark color and good corrosion resistance is obtained. Commonly used stabilizers are tartaric acid and the like.
(5) Accelerators. The addition of a promoter to the phosphating solution accelerates the phosphating reaction, lowers the phosphating temperature, and shortens the phosphating time. Generally, a strong oxidizing agent can be used as a promoter, but the oxidizing agent of the accelerator is too strong and is easy to accelerate.
Oxidation 
The amount of sediment, the amount of sediment increased, and the surface of the steel was passivated, and even the phosphate film could not be formed. Commonly used accelerators are nitrates, nitrites, molybdates, chlorates, and the like.
(6) Free acidity, total acidity and acid ratio. The free acidity, total acidity and acid ratio of the phosphating solution are important factors influencing the quality of the phosphate film. The free acidity is too high, the surface of the phosphating film is rough and porous, the sediment of the solution increases, and the adhesion of the film to the substrate is poor; if the free acidity is too low, the phosphating film is too thin to form a phosphate film. If the total acidity is too high, the phosphating reaction rate can be accelerated, but the film layer is thin or no film formation; if the total acidity is too low, the phosphating rate is slow and the film layer is rough. In general, the acid ratio of the phosphating solution should be controlled within a suitable range to adjust the free acidity and total acidity within the acid ratio range.
(7) Processing temperature. In the phosphating treatment process, when the upper limit of the temperature is specified, the point of low energy can be activated, so that it can also become the active center of crystallization, and the number of crystal nuclei increases, and the rate of crystallization film formation increases. If the upper limit temperature is too high, the acid ratio will change, the reaction speed will be accelerated, the phosphating film will be coarsened, the pores will be enlarged, and the slag-containing phosphating film will be formed, which will reduce the corrosion resistance and affect the stability of the phosphating solution. Therefore, the phosphating temperature should be controlled within the most appropriate range, which can ensure the phosphating speed and the quality of the film layer, stabilize the phosphating solution, and reduce the phosphating sediment.Black phosphating process Generally speaking, the black phosphating process is: degreasing, cold washing, pickling, rust removal, cold water washing, surface conditioning, black phosphating, cold water washing, hot water washing, and drying.
Application of black phosphating process The black phosphating process of steel parts plays an important role in the protection of steel materials. Since the reform and opening up, researchers have done a lot of work on the black phosphating process and developed a variety of black phosphating solutions. Due to the unique advantages of the black phosphating process and the black phosphating film, the black phosphating technology gradually replaced the original concentrated alkali high temperature blackening treatment.
According to the needs of some special conditions, the black phosphating treatment of steel workpieces, the phosphating film obtained by the research and development of black phosphating technology has both uniform black and fine precision crystallization of oxide film, and phosphating film. Good wear resistance and lubricity. The specific implementation is as follows:
(1) Phosphating solution formulation and process conditions. The formulation of the phosphating solution with excellent performance and the specific process conditions are shown in Formulation 3 of Table 2-27.
(2) Black phosphating process: degreasing and degreasing → cold water washing → pickling and rust removal → cold water washing → surface adjustment → black phosphating → cold water washing → hot water washing → drying.
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