Diatoms are an important group of algae. As a major primary producer, diatoms account for about one-fifth of global primary production, which is equivalent to the net primary production of tropical rain forests. Unlike most algae, diatom assimilation products are mainly oil or golden seaweed polysaccharides, and oils are stored in cells in the state of oil droplets, and the content may account for 40 to 60%. Therefore, it is considered to be one of the most suitable biodiesel raw materials. However, the molecular mechanism of its oil accumulation is not yet clear.
Recently, Hu Xiaohua, associate researcher at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, used the model of diatoms as a target species for Phaeodactylum tricornutum to reveal how different metabolic pathways promote the synthesis of carbon triglyceride during diatom oil accumulation. They first obtained subtractive hybridization and found that a gene related to leucine degradation, MCC2, was significantly upregulated during lipid accumulation.
It is generally believed that oil accumulation occurs with the limitation of nutrients, and thus amino acid degradation is an inevitable consequence of nutrient-restricted conditions. But what about the whereabouts of amino acid degradation? Are there any relations with oil accumulation? There is no direct evidence for these problems. The analysis of fluorescent quantitative PCR and non-labeled quantitative proteomics (cooperated with the Gemini Institute of Fisheries Research Institute) showed that in addition to amino acid degradation during lipid accumulation, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid and Pathway-related protein levels such as triglyceride synthesis were significantly up-regulated.
During the process of lipid accumulation, the carbon stream produced by amino acid degradation and cell glycolysis enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and then goes through the malate shuttle or directly into the chloroplast as pyruvate for the synthesis of fatty acids. The results of functional verification showed that the synthesis of triglyceride in MCC2 knockdown algae strains was reduced by 28 to 37%. Studies have shown that up to 40% of the fat of Phaeodactylum tricornutum is degraded and converted by other cell components under nutrient-limited conditions. Thus, it may be that only the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, plays a major role in the oil accumulation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
Metabolite level analysis showed that degradation of three branched-chain amino acids in MCC2 knockdown algae strains was inhibited to varying degrees. Although the contents of glutamine, arginine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, ornithine, and aspartic acid are much higher than the three branched-chain amino acids, these amino acids are The content quickly falls to a very low level. The experiment further proved that these amino acids are directly or indirectly related to the urea cycle unique to diatoms. Before the cells are deprived of nitrogen, they form ammonia and carbon dioxide through the decomposition of urea cycle, or the synthetic polyamines are stored in the cells. Experiments also showed that the degradation of proline was carried out by first forming leucine. Their experiments demonstrated for the first time that the carbon flow from the degradation of cell glycolysis and branched chain amino acids led to the accumulation of diatom cell lipids.
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